Several Issues Concerning the Application of the « PRC Security Law» Interpretations

关于适用《中华人民共和国担保法》若干问题的解释

A guide on interpretations of issues concerning the application of the PRC Security Law.

Clp Reference: 3520/00.12.08 Promulgated: 2000-12-08 Effective: 2000-12-13

(Promulgated by the Supreme People's Court on December 8 2000 and effective as of December 13 2000)

(最高人民法院于二零零零年十二月八日公布,自二零零零年十二月十三日起施行。)

In the light of practical judicial experience, the following interpretations of issues concerning application of the law to the hearing of security disputes by people's courts have been formulated in order to correctly apply the PRC, Security Law (the Security Law).

1. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE SECTION ON GENERAL PROVISIONS

为了正确适用《中华人民共和国担保法》(以下简称担保法),结合审判实践经验,对人民法院审理担保纠纷案件适用法律问题作出如下解释。

Article 1: Security created over the obligation of a party arising from a civil relationship may be recognized as valid if such security is created in a manner as specified in the Security Law and does not violate the mandatory provisions of laws and regulations.

Article 2: A counter-security provider may be the debtor or a third party other than the debtor.

一、关于总则部分的解释

Counter-security may be in the form of a mortgage or pledge provided by the debtor or in the form of a guarantee, mortgage or pledge provided by a third party.

Article 3: If a State organization, or an institution or social organization for the public good, violates provisions of the law by providing security, the security contract is void. The losses thereby incurred by the creditor shall be handled pursuant to the second paragraph of Article 5 of the Security Law.

第一条 当事人对由民事关系产生的债权,在不违反法律、法规强制性规定的情况下,以担保法规定的方式设定担保的,可以认定为有效。

Article 4: If a director or manager violates Article 60 of the PRC, Company Law by providing the company's assets as security for the obligation of a company shareholder or another individual, the security contract is void. The debtor and the security provider are jointly and severally liable for the loss incurred by the creditor, unless the creditor knew or ought to have known of such provision of company assets.

Article 5: If property that laws or regulations forbid be circulated or assigned is provided as security, the security contract is void.

第二条 反担保人可以是债务人,也可以是债务人之外的其他人。

If property that laws or regulations restrict the circulation of is provided as security, the people's court shall, when the claim is realized, handle such property in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations.

Article 6: A contract for the provision of security to a foreign entity is void if:

反担保方式可以是债务人提供的抵押或者质押,也可以是其他人提供的保证、抵押或者质押。

(1) the security is provided to a foreign entity without the approval of, or registration with, the relevant competent State authority;

(2) the security is provided for an organization outside China to a creditor in China without the approval of, or registration with, the relevant competent State authority;

第三条 国家机关和以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体违反法律规定提供担保的,担保合同无效。因此给债权人造成损失的,应当根据担保法第五条第二款的规定处理。

(3) the security is provided in respect of the registered capital of a foreign investment enterprise, or a foreign debt in respect of the foreign party's portion of the investment in a foreign investment enterprise;

(4) the security is provided by a financial institution without the right to engage in foreign exchange security business or a non-finance enterprise legal person without foreign exchange revenue; or

第四条 董事、经理违反《中华人民共和国公司法》第六十条的规定,以公司资产为本公司的股东或者其他个人债务提供担保的,担保合同无效。除债权人知道或者应当知道的外,债务人、担保人应当对债权人的损失承担连带赔偿责任。

(5) the principal contract is amended or the creditor assigns his rights under the contract for security to a foreign entity without the consent of the security provider or the approval of the relevant competent State authority, in which case the security provider is released from his security liability unless laws or regulations provide otherwise.

Article 7: If the principal contract is valid and the security contract is void, the security provider and the debtor are jointly and severally liable for compensation for the financial loss of the creditor under the principal contract, provided that such creditor is not at fault. If the creditor and the security provider are at fault, the portion of civil liability borne by the security provider shall not exceed half of the portion that the debtor is unable to discharge.

第五条 以法律、法规禁止流通的财产或者不可转让的财产设定担保的,担保合同无效。

Article 8: If the security contract becomes void due to the invalidity of the principal contract and the security provider is not at fault, the security provider is not civilly liable. If the security provider is at fault, the portion of civil liability borne by the security provider shall not exceed one-third of the portion that the debtor is unable to discharge.

Article 9: After the security provider has assumed his liability to compensate the creditor due to the invalidity of the security contract, he may seek recourse against the debtor or, to the extent of the liability for compensation assumed by him, demand that the counter-security provider at fault assumes liability for compensation.

以法律、法规限制流通的财产设定担保的,在实现债权时,人民法院应当按照有关法律、法规的规定对该财产进行处理。

The security provider may institute a separate court action against the debtor or the counter-security provider based on the fact that he assumed liability for compensation.

Article 10: After the principal contract has been terminated, the security provider shall continue to bear security liability in respect of the civil liability bearable by the debtor, unless the security contract provides otherwise.

第六条 有下列情形之一的,对外担保合同无效:

Article 11: If the legal representative or responsible person of a legal person or another organization concluded a security contract ultra vires, such representative act is valid unless the other party knew or ought to have known that the person acted ultra vires.

Article 12: The security term agreed upon by the parties or required for registration by the registration authority is not legally binding on the existence of the right over the secured property.

(一) 未经国家有关主管部门批准或者登记对外担保的;

After the expiration of the statute of limitations on the obligation secured by the right over the secured property, the peoplefs court shall support the person to whom the security was provided if he exercises his right over the secured property within two years after the expiration of the statute of limitations.

2. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE SECTION ON GUARANTEES

(二) 未经国家有关主管部门批准或者登记,为境外机构向境内债权人提供担保的;

Article 13: If a guarantee contract provides that the guarantor is to perform a non-monetary obligation on behalf of the obligor and the guarantor fails to actually perform such obligation on behalf of the obligor, thereby causing loss to the obligee, the guarantor shall be liable for compensation.

Article 14: If a legal person, another organization or a natural person without full discharge capacity concludes a guarantee contract as a guarantor and subsequently requests that he be released from his guarantee liability on the grounds of his lack of capacity to discharge the obligation on behalf of the obligor, the people's court shall not support such request.

(三) 为外商投资企业注册资本、外商投资企业中的外方投资部分的对外债务提供担保的;

Article 15: The term "other organizations" stipulated in Article 7 of the Security Law mainly includes:

(1) wholly owned enterprises and partnerships that are legally registered and have obtained their business licences;

(四) 无权经营外汇担保业务的金融机构、无外汇收入的非金融性质的企业法人提供外汇担保的;

(2) jointly operated enterprises that are legally registered and have obtained their business licences;

(3) Sino-foreign cooperative joint ventures that are legally registered and have obtained their business licences;

(五) 主合同变更或者债权人将对外担保合同项下的权利转让,未经担保人同意和国家有关主管部门批准的,担保人不再承担担保责任。但法律、法规另有规定的除外。

(4) social organizations whose registration has been approved by the civil affairs authorities;

(5) town, street and village enterprises whose registration has been approved and that have obtained their business licences.

第七条 主合同有效而担保合同无效,债权人无过错的,担保人与债务人对主合同债权人的经济损失,承担连带赔偿责任;债权人、担保人有过错的,担保人承担民事责任的部份,不应超过债务人不能清偿部分的二分之一。

Article 16: A guarantee contract entered into as guarantor by an institution or social organization engaging in business activities shall be determined valid in the absence of other circumstances making such contract void.

Article 17: If a branch of an enterprise legal person provides a guarantee without the written authorization of the legal person, the guarantee contract is void. If loss is caused to the creditor as a result thereof, the matter shall be handled pursuant to the second paragraph of Article of the Security Law.

第八条 主合同无效而导致担保合同无效,担保人无过错的,担保人不承担民事责任;担保人有过错的,担保人承担民事责任的部分,不应超过债务人不能清偿部分的三分之一。

If a branch of an enterprise legal person provides a guarantee with the written authorization of the legal person but the scope of the written authorization conferred by the legal person is unclear, the branch of the legal person shall bear guarantee liability for the entire obligation specified in the guarantee contract.

|If the property dealt in and managed by the branch of the enterprise legal person is insufficient to cover the guarantee liability of the branch, the enterprise legal person shall assume civil liability.

第九条 担保人因无效担保合同向债权人承担赔偿责任後,可以向债务人追偿,或者在承担赔偿责任的范围内,要求有过错的反担保人承担赔偿责任。

If the branch of the enterprise legal person has provided a void guarantee and is subsequently required to assume liability for compensation, such liability shall be borne using the property dealt in and managed by the branch. If the enterprise legal person is at fault, the matter shall be handled pursuant to Article 29 of the Security Law.

Article 18: If a functional division of an enterprise legal person provides a guarantee, the guarantee contract is void. If the creditor knew or ought to have known that the guarantor was the functional division of an enterprise legal person, the loss thereby incurred by the creditor shall be borne by the creditor himself.

担保人可以根据承担赔偿责任的事实对债务人或者反担保人另行提起诉讼。

If the creditor was unaware that the guarantor was the functional division of an enterprise legal person, the loss thereby incurred by the creditor may be handled by reference to the second paragraph of Article 5 and Article 29 of the Security Law.

Article 19: If two or more guarantors provide security for the same obligation simultaneously or separately and the guarantors did not agree upon their respective shares of the guarantee with the creditor, such guarantees shall be deemed to be joint and several.

第十条 主合同解除後,担保人对债务人应当承担的民事责任仍应承担担保责任。但是,担保合同另有约定的除外。

If the guarantors to a joint and several guarantee oppose the creditor with the respective shares that they have mutually agreed upon to bear, the people's court shall not support such opposition.

Article 20: If a debtor covered by a joint and several guarantee fails to perform his obligation by the expiration of the term for the performance of his obligation as stipulated in the principal contract, the creditor may require the debtor to perform his obligation or he may require any one of the guarantors to assume the entire guarantee liability.

第十一条 法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的担保合同,除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外,该代表行为有效。

After the guarantors to a joint and several guarantee have assumed their guarantee liability, the portion of the debt not recoverable from the debtor shall be borne by the guarantors in the proportion mutually agreed upon among them. In the absence of an agreement among them, they shall bear such unrecoverable portion equally.

Article 21: After a guarantor to a proportionate several guarantee has borne his share of the guarantee liability as stipulated in the guarantee contract, he has recourse against the debtor to the extent of the performance of his guarantee liability.

第十二条 当事人约定的或者登记部门要求登记的担保期间,对担保物权的存续不具有法律约束力。

Article 22: If a third party unilaterally issues a written letter of guarantee to the creditor and the creditor accepts such letter of guarantee without objections, a guarantee contract is formed.

If a guarantor signs or affixes his seal to the principal contract as a guarantor, notwithstanding the absence of a guarantee clause in the principal contract, a guarantee contract is formed.

担保物权所担保的债权的诉讼时效结束後,担保权人在诉讼时效结束後的二年内行使担保物权的,人民法院应当予以支持。

Article 23: After an indeterminate obligation under a contract of guarantee up to a maximum amount has become determinate, the guarantor shall bear, up to the maximum obligation amount, the guarantee liability for the balance of successive obligations arising over a certain period of time.

Article 24: If the guarantor to an ordinary guarantee provides to the creditor, after the term for the performance of the principal obligation expires, true information on property of the debtor available for enforcement and the creditor waives or neglects to exercise his right, thus rendering enforcement against the said property impossible, the guarantor may petition the people's court to release him from his guarantee liability to the extent of the actual value of the property available for enforcement that he provided.

二、关于保证部分的解释

Article 25: The major difficulties encountered by the creditor in demanding that the debtor perform his obligation as specified in Item (1) of the third paragraph of Article 17 of the Security Law include the situation where the whereabouts of the debtor are unknown or the debtor has moved his domicile abroad, and there is no property available for enforcement.

Article 26: If a third party warrants to the creditor that he will supervise the disbursement of funds earmarked for a specific purpose, he will no longer be liable once he has performed his obligation to supervise the disbursement of the funds earmarked for the specific purpose. If the third party fails to fully perform his supervisory obligation, thus resulting in a loss of the funds, he shall bear liability for making good the funds lost.

第十三条 保证合同中约定保证人代为履行非金钱债务的,如果保证人不能实际代为履行,对债权人因此造成的损失,保证人应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 27: If the guarantor provides a guarantee in respect of the debtor's registered capital and there is a discrepancy between the debtor's actual investment and its registered capital or the debtor spirits away or transfers its registered capital, the guarantor will bear joint and several guarantee liability to the extent of the registered capital shortfall or the registered capital that was spirited away or transferred.

Article 28: If the creditor legally assigns the principal claim to a third party during the guarantee term, the guaranteed obligation is simultaneously assigned and the guarantor bears guarantee liability to the assignee to the extent of the original security by guarantee. However, the guarantor no longer bears guarantee liability if the guarantor and the creditor had previously agreed that the guarantor would only bear guarantee liability in relation to a specific creditor or that assignment of the claim was forbidden.

第十四条 不具有完全代偿能力的法人、其他组织或者自然人,以保证人身份订立保证合同後,又以自己没有代偿能力要求免除保证责任的,人民法院不予支持。

Article 29: If the creditor permits the debtor to assign part of his obligation during the guarantee term without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantor no longer bears guarantee liability in respect of the portion of the debt assigned without his consent. However, the guarantor shall continue to bear guarantee liability in respect of the portion that was not assigned.

Article 30: If, without the consent of the guarantor, the creditor and the debtor amend such particulars of the principal contract as the quantity, price, currency or interest rate, etc. during the guarantee term, thereby diminishing the obligation of the debtor, the guarantor shall continue to bear guarantee liability under the amended contract. If the amendment(s) increase(s) the obligation of the debtor, the guarantor will not bear guarantee liability for the increased portion.

第十五条 担保法第七条规定的其他组织主要包括:

If the creditor and the debtor amend the term for performing the principal contract without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantee term is the term stipulated in the original contract or in law.

If the creditor and the debtor agree to amend the content of the principal contract but fail to actually implement such amendments, the guarantor shall continue to bear his guarantee liability.

(一) 依法登记领取营业执照的独资企业、合伙企业;

Article 31: The following legal consequences, that is suspension, termination or extension, will not arise for any reason during the guarantee term.

Article 32: If the guarantee term specified in the guarantee contract is shorter than or equivalent to the term for performing the principal obligation, no guarantee term will be deemed to have been specified and the guarantee term will be six months from the date of the expiration of the term for performing the principal obligation.

(二) 依法登记领取营业执照的联营企业;

If the guarantee contract specifies that the guarantor will bear guarantee liability until the principal of the debt has been fully repaid together with all the interest thereon or contains similar stipulations, such stipulations will be deemed to be unclear and the guarantee term will be two years from the date of the expiration of the term for performing the principal obligation.

Article 33: If the term for performing the principal obligation is not stipulated in the principal contract or such stipulation is unclear, calculation of the guarantee term commences from the date of expiration of the grace period awarded by the creditor to the debtor to perform his obligation.

(三) 依法登记领取营业执照的中外合作经营企业;

Article 34: If a creditor secured by an ordinary guarantee institutes a legal action or applies for arbitration against the debtor before the expiration of the guarantee term, the statute of limitations on the guarantee contract starts to run from the effective date of the judgment or arbitration award.

If a creditor secured by a joint and several guarantee demands that a guarantor assume his guarantee liability before the expiration of the guarantee term, the statute of limitations on the guarantee contract starts to run from the date the creditor demanded that the guarantor assume his guarantee liability.

(四) 经民政部门核准登记的社会团体;

Article 35: If a guarantor assumes guarantee liability or provides a guarantee for an obligation whose statute of limitations has expired and asserts a defence on the grounds that the statute of limitations has expired, the people's court shall not support such defence.

Article 36: In the case of an ordinary guarantee, if the statute of limitations on the principal obligation is tolled, the statute of limitations on the guaranteed obligation is tolled. In the case of a joint and several guarantee, if the statute of limitations on the principal obligation is tolled, the statute of limitations on the guaranteed obligation is not tolled.

(五) 经核准登记领取营业执照的乡镇、街道、村办企业。

In the case of an ordinary guarantee or a joint and several guarantee, if the statute of limitations on the principal obligation terminates, the statute of limitations on the guaranteed obligation terminates simultaneously.

Article 37: If a contract of guarantee up to a maximum amount does not stipulate the guarantee term or such stipulation is unclear, but such contract does stipulate the term for discharging the obligation by the guarantor, the guarantee term will be six months from the date of the expiration of the term for discharging the obligation. If no term for discharging the obligation is stipulated, the guarantee term will be six months from the termination date of the contract of guarantee up to a maximum amount or six months from the date of receipt by the creditor of written notice from the guarantor terminating the guarantee contract.

第十六条 从事经营活动的事业单位、社会团体为保证人的,如无其他导致保证合同无效的情况,其所签定的保证合同应当认定为有效。

Article 38: If the same obligation is secured by both a guarantee and third party provided property, the creditor may ask either the guarantor or the provider of secured property to assume the security liability. If the parties have not stipulated the scope of the security by guarantee or the scope of the security in the form of property, or such stipulation is unclear, the security provider who assumed the security liability may either seek recourse against the debtor or demand that the other security provider discharge the shares bearable by him.

If the same obligation is secured by both a guarantee and property and the contract for security in the form of property is confirmed to be void or is rescinded, or the secured property is lost due to the occurrence of an event of force majeure and there is no substitute, the guarantor shall continue to bear guarantee liability in accordance with the contract or the law.

第十七条 企业法人的分支机构未经法人书面授权提供保证的,保证合同无效。因此给债权人造成损失的,应当根据担保法第五条第二款的规定处理。

If the creditor neglects to exercise his right over the secured property after the expiration of the term for performing the principal contract, causing the secured property to decrease in value or to be damaged, destroyed or lost, the creditor will be deemed to have waived part or all of the security provided in the form of property. The guarantor's guarantee liability is diminished, or he is released therefrom, to the extent of the rights waived by the creditor.

Article 39: If the parties to the principal contract agree to the repayment of an existing loan by means of a new loan, the guarantor is not civilly liable unless he knew or ought to have known of the agreement.

企业法人的分支机构经法人书面授权提供保证的,如果法人的书面授权范围不明,法人的分支机构应当对保证合同约定的全部债务承担保证责任。

If both the new loan and the existing loan are guaranteed by the same guarantor, the preceding paragraph does not apply.

Article 40: If the debtor under the principal contract uses such means as fraud or coercion to cause the guarantor to provide a guarantee contrary to his true intention and the creditor knew or ought to have known of the facts of the fraud or coercion, the matter shall be handled pursuant to Article 30 of the Security Law.

企业法人的分支机构经营管理的财产不足以承担保证责任的,由企业法人承担民事责任。

Article 41: If the debtor and the guarantor jointly defraud the creditor in entering into the principal contract and the guarantee contract, the creditor may petition the people's court to rescind such contracts. If loss is caused to the creditor as a result thereof, the guarantor and the debtor are jointly and severally liable for compensation.

Article 42: If the people's court renders a judgment to the effect that the guarantor bears guarantee liability or liability for compensation, it shall expressly state in the body of the judgment that the guarantor enjoys the right specified in Article 31 of the Security Law. If the right of recourse is not expressly stated in the judgment, the guarantor can only institute a separate legal action based on the fact that he assumed liability.

企业法人的分支机构提供的保证无效後应当承担赔偿责任的,由分支机构经营管理的财产承担。企业法人有过错的,按照担保法第二十九条的规定处理。

The statute of limitations on the guarantor's exercise of his right of recourse against the debtor starts to run from the date the guarantor assumes his liability toward the creditor.

Article 43: If the guarantor performs his guarantee liability on his own initiative and the amount he discharges is greater than the scope of the principal claim, the guarantor's recourse against the debtor is limited to the extent of the principal claim.

第十八条 企业法人的职能部门提供保证的,保证合同无效。债权人知道或者应当知道保证人为企业法人的职能部门的,因此造成的损失由债权人自行承担。

Article 44: If the people's court accepts a case for bankruptcy of the debtor during the guarantee term, the creditor may declare his claim to the people's court or assert his right against the guarantor.

After the creditor has declared his claim, the guarantor shall continue to bear guarantee liability for any portion not discharged through the bankruptcy proceedings. If the creditor demands that the guarantor assume his guarantee liability, he shall make such demand within six months after the conclusion of the bankruptcy proceedings.

债权人不知保证人为企业法人的职能部门,因此造成的损失,可以参照担保法第五条第二款的规定和第二十九条的规定处理。

Article 45: If the creditor knew or ought to have known of the debtor's bankruptcy and neither declares his claim nor notifies the guarantor, rendering it impossible for the guarantor to exercise his right of recourse beforehand, the guarantor is released from his guarantee liability to the extent that such claim would have been recoverable through the bankruptcy proceedings.

Article 46: If the creditor fails to declare his claim after the people's court has accepted the case for the bankruptcy of the debtor, each of the guarantors to a joint and several guarantee shall declare their claim, and exercise their right of recourse beforehand, as a single entity.

第十九条 两个以上保证人对同一债务同时或者分别提供保证时,各保证人与债权人没有约定保证份额的,应当认定为连带共同保证。

3. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE SECTION ON MORTGAGES

Article 47: If a mortgage is created over a building or other structure for which construction approval has been received but that has not yet been constructed or that is currently being constructed, and the parties have carried out the procedures for registering the mortgaged property, the people's court may determine the mortgage to be valid.

连带共同保证的保证人以其相互之间约定各自承担的份额对抗债权人的,人民法院不予支持。

Article 48: If a mortgage is created over a structure that has been confirmed, through legal procedures, to violate laws or regulations, the mortgage is void.

Article 49: If a mortgage is created over property for which the procedures for obtaining a certificate of title have not been carried out, the mortgage may be determined to be valid if a certificate of title can be submitted or registration procedures are carried out before the conclusion of pleadings in the court of first instance.

第二十条 连带共同保证的债务人在主合同规定的债务履行期届满没有履行债务的,债权人可以要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求任何一个保证人承担全部保证责任。

If the parties have not registered the mortgaged property, they may not oppose third parties.

Article 50: If different items of property as set forth in the first paragraph of Article 34 of the Security Law are mortgaged together, the scope of the mortgaged property shall be the property registered. The value of the mortgaged property will be determined at the time the mortgage rights are realized.

连带共同保证的保证人承担保证责任後,向债务人不能追偿的部分,由各连带保证人按其内部约定的比例分担。没有约定的,平均分担。

Article 51: If the debt secured by the mortgagor exceeds the value of the mortgaged property, priority in receiving payment does not apply to the portion in excess.

Article 52: If a party simultaneously mortgages his crops and the leaseholds to the land from which the crops have not yet been separated, the mortgage over the leaseholds is void.

第二十一条 按份共同保证的保证人按照保证合同约定的保证份额承担保证责任後,在其履行保证责任的范围内对债务人行使追偿权。

Article 53: If such an institution or social organization for the public good as a school, kindergarten or hospital, etc. secures its own obligation by mortgaging property other than its educational facilities, medical facilities, health facilities or other facilities for the public good, the people's court may determine the mortgage to be valid.

Article 54: If a proportionate co-owner creates a mortgage over his share of the co-owned property, the mortgage is valid.

第二十二条 第三人单方以书面形式向债权人出具担保书,债权人接受且未提出异议的,保证合同成立。

If a joint owner creates a mortgage over the property he jointly owns without the consent of the other joint owners, the mortgage is void. However, if the other joint owners knew or ought to have known of the mortgage but did not raise an objection thereto they will be deemed to have consented and the mortgage is valid.

Article 55: The validity of the mortgage is not affected if the property that has been mortgaged is subjected to such property preservation or enforcement measures as placement under seal, impoundment, etc.

主合同中虽然没有保证条款,但是,保证人在主合同上以保证人的身份签字或者盖章的,保证合同成立。

Article 56: No mortgage is created if the type of the principal obligation secured or the mortgaged property is not specified or is unclearly specified in the mortgage contract, and the same cannot be supplemented on the basis of, or be inferred from, the principal contract and the mortgage contract.

If, after the execution of a mortgage contract that the law specifies be registered to become valid, the mortgagor acts contrary to the principle of good faith by refusing to register the mortgage, thereby causing the creditor to suffer loss, he shall be liable for compensation.

第二十三条 最高额保证合同的不特定债权确定後,保证人应当对在最高债权额限度内就一定期间连续发生的债权馀额承担保证责任。

Article 57: If the parties to a mortgage contract stipulate therein that the ownership of the mortgaged property will pass to the creditor if the mortgagee has not received fulfilment of the obligation at the expiration of the term for the performance of such obligation, such stipulation is void. The invalidity of such stipulation does not affect the validity of the other stipulations of the mortgage contract.

If the mortgagee has not received fulfilment of the obligation at the expiration of the term for the performance of such obligation, the mortgagee and mortgagor may agree that the mortgagee obtain the mortgaged property subsequent to its evaluation in terms of money.1 However, if such is prejudicial to the interests of parties with rights over secured property or other creditors who have lower priority, the people's court may apply the relevant provisions of Articles 74 and 75 of the Contract Law.

第二十四条 一般保证的保证人在主债权履行期间届满後,向债权人提供了债务人可供执行财产的真实情况的,债权人放弃或者怠于行使权利致使该财产不能被执行,保证人可以请求人民法院在其提供可供执行财产的实际价值范围内免除保证责任。

Article 58: If parties register the mortgaged property with different statutory registration authorities on the same day, all mortgage rights are deemed of equal priority.

If consecutive registrations of the same mortgaged property arise due to a reason attributable to the registration authority, the date of the first registration of the mortgaged property will be deemed the date of registration of the mortgage and the priority of the mortgage rights will be determined accordingly.

第二十五条 担保法第十七条第三款第(一)项规定的债权人要求债务人履行债务发生的重大困难情形,包括债务人下落不明、移居境外、且无财产可供执行。

Article 59: If at the time the parties carry out procedures for the registration of mortgaged property they are unable to obtain registration due to a reason attributable to the registration authority but the mortgagor delivers proof of the right to the creditor, the creditor may be recognized as having priority in receiving payment from such property. However, third parties may not be opposed if the mortgaged property has not been registered.

Article 60: In the event that (i) a mortgage is created over an immovable as stipulated in Item (2) of Article 42 of the Security Law, and (ii) the local people's government at or above the county level failed to designate the registration authority and (iii) the parties carried out the registration procedures for the mortgaged property with the land administration authority or the real property administration authority, the peoplefs court may confirm such registration to be valid.

第二十六条 第三人向债权人保证监督支付专款专用的,在履行了监督支付专款专用的义务後,不再承担责任。未尽监督义务造成资金流失的,应当对流失的资金承担补充赔偿责任。

Article 61: If there is a discrepancy between the particulars recorded in the mortgaged property registration and the provisions of the mortgage contract, the particulars recorded in the registration will prevail.

Article 62: If ownership of the mortgaged property passes to a third party due to attachment to or mixture with other property or through processing, the effect of the mortgage extends to the consideration paid for the foregoing. If the owner of the mortgaged property is the owner of the attached property, mixed property or processed property, the effect of the mortgage extends to the attached property, mixed property or processed property. If a third party and the owner of the mortgaged property are co-owners of the attached property, mixed property or processed property, the effect of the mortgage extends to the mortgagor's share of the co-owned property.

第二十七条 保证人对债务人的注册资金提供保证的,债务人的实际投资与注册资金不符,或者抽逃转移注册资金的,保证人在注册资金不足或者抽逃转移注册资金的范围内承担连带保证责任。

Article 63: The effect of the mortgage extends to the accessories to the mortgaged property in the event such accessories existed before the creation of the mortgage. However, if the mortgaged property and the accessories thereto are separately owned by two or more persons, the effect of the mortgage does not extend to the accessories to the mortgaged property.

Article 64: If the mortgaged property is legally seized by the people's court due to the debtor's failure to perform his obligation before the expiration of the term for the performance thereof, the natural fruits and civil fruits separated from the mortgaged property that are collected by the mortgagee from the date of seizure will be used to discharge the following in the order set forth below:

第二十八条 保证期间,债权人依法将主债权转让给第三人的,保证债权同时转让,保证人在原保证担保的范围内对受让人承担保证责任。但是保证人与债权人事先约定仅对特定的债权人承担保证责仕或者禁止债权转让的,保证人不再承担保证责任。

(1) the expenses for collecting the fruits;

(2) the interest on the principal obligation;

第二十九条 保证期间,债权人许可债务人转让部分债务未经保证人书面同意的,保证人对未经其同意转让部分的债务,不再承担保证责任。但是,保证人仍应当对未转让部分的债务承担保证责任。

(3) the principal obligation.

Article 65: If the mortgagor mortgages property that has been leased, the lease contract will, after the realization of the mortgage rights, continue to be binding on the assignee of the mortgaged property for the term of such lease contract.

第三十条 保证期间,债权人与债务人对主合同数量、价款、币种、利率等内容作了变动,未经保证人同意的,如果减轻债务人的债务的,保证人仍应当对变更後的合同承担保证责任;如果加重债务人的债务的,保证人对加重的部分不承担保证责任。

Article 66: If the mortgagor leases property that has been mortgaged, the lease contract will not, after the realization of the mortgage rights, be binding on the assignee.

If the mortgagor leases property that has been mortgaged and fails to inform the lessee in writing that such property has been mortgaged, the mortgagor will be liable for compensation for the loss incurred by the lessee due to his leasing of the mortgaged property. If the mortgagor has informed the lessee in writing that such property has been mortgaged, the lessor will himself be liable for the loss he incurs due to the realization of the mortgage rights.

债权人与债务人对主合同履行期限作了变动,未经保证人书面同意的,保证期间为原合同约定的或者法律规定的期间。

Article 67: If the mortgagor assigns the mortgaged property during the existence of the mortgage without notifying the mortgagee or informing the assignee, the mortgagee may still exercise his mortgage rights if the mortgaged property has been registered. The assignee who obtains ownership of the mortgaged property may discharge the entire obligation on behalf of the debtor so as to extinguish the mortgage. After discharging the obligation, the assignee has recourse against the mortgagor.

If the mortgaged property was not registered, the mortgage rights may not be set up against the assignee. If loss is caused to the mortgagee as a result thereof, the mortgagor is liable for compensation.

债权人与债务人协议变动主合同内容,但并未实际履行的,保证人仍应当承担保证责任。

Article 68: If the mortgaged property is succeeded to or gifted in accordance with the law, the mortgage rights are not affected.

Article 69: If a debtor has several ordinary creditors and, when discharging his obligations, conspires in bad faith with one such creditor to mortgage all or part of his assets to the said creditor, thereby losing his capacity to perform his other obligations and prejudicing the lawful rights and interests of the other creditors, the injured creditors may petition the people's court to nullify such mortgage.

第三十一条 保证期间不因任何事由发生中断、中止、延长的法律後果。

Article 70: If an act of the mortgagor is sufficient to diminish the value of the mortgaged property and the mortgagor rejects the mortgagee's request that he return the property to its original state or provide security, the mortgagee may request that the debtor perform the obligation or he may request the early exercise of his mortgage rights.

Article 71: If the principal obligation is not discharged in full, the mortgagee may exercise his mortgage rights in respect of the entire mortgaged property.

第三十二条 保证合同约定的保证期间早于或者等于主债务履行期限的,视为没有约定,保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起六个月。

If the mortgaged property has been divided or a part thereof has been assigned, the mortgagee may exercise his mortgage rights in respect of the mortgaged property as divided or assigned.

Article 72: If the principal claim has been divided or a part thereof has been assigned, each creditor may exercise mortgage rights to the extent of the share of the claim to which he is entitled.

保证合同约定保证人承担保证责任直至主债务本息还清时为止等类似内容的,视为约定不明,保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起二年。

If the principal obligation has been divided or a part thereof has been assigned, the mortgagor continues to secure with his mortgaged property the performance of the obligations by the debtors. However, if the mortgage is provided by a third party and the creditor permits the debtor to assign his obligation, and the debtor does so without the written consent of the mortgagor, the mortgagor no longer bears security liability for the obligation whose assignment he did not consent to.

Article 73: If the value of the mortgaged property after its evaluation in terms of money or the proceeds derived from the auction or selling off thereof is less than the value stipulated at the creation of the mortgage, the discharge of the obligation shall be effected at the realized value of the mortgaged property. The undischarged balance shall be discharged by the debtor.

第三十三条 主合同对主债务履行期限没有约定或者约定不明的,保证期间自债权人要求债务人履行义务的宽限期届满之日起计算。

Article 74: If the parties failed to provide therefor, the value of the mortgaged property after its evaluation in terms of money or the proceeds derived from the auction or selling off thereof will be used to discharge the following in the order set forth below:

(1) the expenses for realizing the mortgage rights;

第三十四条 一般保证的债权人在保证期间届满前对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的,从判决或者仲裁裁决生效之日起,开始计算保证合同的诉讼时效。

(2) the interest on the principal obligation;

(3) the principal obligation.

连带责任保证的债权人在保证期间届满前要求保证人承担保证责任的,从债权人要求保证人承担保证责任之日起,开始计算保证合同的诉讼时效。

Article 75: If the same obligation is secured by two or more mortgagors and the creditor renounces the mortgage security provided by the debtor, the other mortgagor(s) may petition the people's court to diminish the security liability bearable by him (them) or to release him (them) therefrom.

If the same obligation is secured by two or more mortgagors and the shares of the obligation secured by the mortgaged property provided by the parties or their order of priority has not been stipulated or such stipulation is unclear, the mortgagee may exercise his mortgage rights in respect of the property of any one of the parties or of each party.

第三十五条 保证人对已经超过诉讼时效期间的债务承担保证责任或者提供保证的,又以超过诉讼时效为由抗辩的,人民法院不予支持。

After a mortgagor has assumed his security liability he may seek recourse against the debtor or demand that the other mortgagor(s) discharge the shares respectively bearable by him (each).

Article 76: If the same movable is mortgaged to two or more creditors and the parties did not register the mortgaged property, each mortgagee will receive payment in proportion to his respective claim when the mortgage rights are realized.

第三十六条 一般保证中,主债务诉讼时效中断,保证债务诉讼时效中断;连带责任保证中,主债务诉讼时效中断,保证债务诉讼时效不中断。

Article 77: If the same property is mortgaged to two or more creditors and higher ranking mortgage rights and the ownership of such property belong to the same person, the owner of the property may set up his mortgage rights against lower ranking mortgage rights.

Article 78: If the same property is mortgaged to two or more creditors and the (an) obligation secured by lower ranking mortgage rights matures first, the mortgagee can only receive payment for the portion of the value of the mortgaged property that exceeds the obligation(s) secured by the higher ranking mortgage(s).

一般保证和连带责任保证中,主债务诉讼时效中止的,保证债务的诉讼时效同时中止。

If the (an) obligation secured by higher ranking mortgage rights matures first, the balance of the proceeds remaining after the realization of the mortgage rights shall be deposited and retained to discharge the obligations(s) secured by the lower ranking mortgage(s).

Article 79: If the same property is encumbered by both a statutorily registered mortgage and a pledge, the mortgagee ranks above the pledgee in receiving payment.

第三十七条 最高额保证合同对保证期间没有约定或者约定不明的,如最高额保证合同约定有保证人清偿债务期限的,保证期间为清偿期限届满之日起六个月。没有约定债务清偿期限的,保证期间自最高额保证终止之日或自债权人收到保证人终止保证合同的书面通知到达之日起六个月。

If the same property is encumbered by both a mortgage and a lien, the lien-holder ranks above the mortgagee in receiving payment.

Article 80: In the event that the mortgaged property is lost, destroyed, damaged or requisitioned, the mortgagee is entitled to priority in receiving payment from the insurance payment, indemnification or compensation therefor.

第三十八条 同一债权既有保证又有第三人提供物的担保的,债权人可以请求保证人或者物的担保人承担担保责任。当事人对保证担保的范围或者物的担保的范围没有约定或者约定不明的,承担了担保责任的担保人,可以向债务人追偿,也可以要求其他担保人清偿其应当分担的份额。

In the event that the mortgaged property is lost, destroyed, damaged or requisitioned and the term for the discharge of the obligation secured by the mortgage has not yet expired, the mortgagee may petition the people's court to take preservation measures against the insurance payment, indemnification or compensation therefor.

Article 81: The scope of obligations secured by a mortgage up to a maximum amount does not cover obligations that arise after the mortgaged property is placed under seal for the purposes of property preservation or of an enforcement procedure or after the debtor or mortgagor becomes bankrupt.

同一债权既有保证又有物的担保的,物的担保合同被确认无效或者被撤销,或者担保物因不可抗力的原因灭失而没有代位物的,保证人仍应当按合同的约定或者法律的规定承担保证责任。

Article 82: If the parties to a contract for a mortgage up to a maximum amount amend the maximum amount or the term of the mortgage and subsequently set up such amendment against a mortgagee with a lower priority, the people's court shall not support such setting up of the amendment.

Article 83: If the term for the discharge of an indeterminate obligation secured by a mortgage up to a maximum amount has expired by the time the obligation becomes determinate, the mortgagee may exercise his mortgage rights pursuant to the regulations for ordinary mortgage rights.

债权人在主合同履行期届满後怠于行使担保物权,致使担保物的价值减少或者毁损、灭失的,视为债权人放弃部分或者全部物的担保。保证人在债权人放弃权利的范围内减轻或者免除保证责任。

When the mortgage rights under a mortgage up to a maximum amount are realized, if the balance of the obligations that have actually arisen is greater than the maximum amount, the maximum amount is the limit, and priority in receiving payment is not applicable to the portion in excess. If the balance of the claims that have actually arisen is less than the maximum amount, the mortgagee is entitled to priority in receiving payment from the mortgaged property to the extent of the obligations that have actually arisen.

4. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE SECTION ON PLEDGES

第三十九条 主合同当事人双方协议以新贷偿还旧贷,除保证人知道或者应当知道的外,保证人不承担民事责任。

(1) Pledge of Movables

Article 84: If the pledgor pledges a movable that he does not own but that is legally in his possession and the pledgee is not aware that the pledgor has no right to dispose of the movable, the pledgor is liable for the loss incurred by the owner of the movable as a consequence of the exercise by the pledgee of his pledge rights.

新贷与旧贷系同一保证人的,不适用前款的规定。

Article 85: If the debtor or a third party delivers possession of his money to the creditor as security for an obligation after making it specific by placing it in a special account, sealing it or providing it as a guarantee deposit, etc., the creditor is entitled to priority receipt of payment from such money if the debtor fails to perform his obligation.

Article 86: If the debtor or a third party fails to deliver the thing pledged by the time stipulated in the pledge contract, thereby causing loss to the pledgee, the pledgor shall be liable for compensation to the extent of his fault.

第四十条 主合同债务人采取欺诈、胁迫等手段,使保证人在违背真实意思的情况下提供保证的,债权人知道或者应当知道欺诈、胁迫事实的,按照担保法第三十条的规定处理。

Article 87: The pledge contract does not enter into effect if the pledgor holds the thing pledged in his possession on behalf of the pledgee. The people's court shall not support the pledgee's use of his pledge rights to oppose a third party, if the pledgee does so after returning the thing pledged to the pledgor.

If the pledgee loses possession of the thing pledged due to a reason not attributable to the pledgee, the pledgee may request that the party who is in improper possession of the thing pledged cease his trespass, return the thing pledged to its original state and return it to him.

第四十一条 债务人与保证人共同欺骗债权人,订立主合同和保证合同的,债权人可以请求人民法院予以撤销。因此给债权人造成损失的,由保证人与债务人承担连带赔偿责任。

Article 88: If the pledgor pledges property that he indirectly possesses, the pledge contract will be deemed delivered upon service of a written notice on the possessor. If, after his receipt of the pledge notice, the possessor accepts an instruction from the pledgor to dispose of the pledged property, such act is void.

Article 89: If the pledged property is unclearly stipulated in the pledge contract or there is a discrepancy between the pledged property stipulated and the property actually delivered, the property of which possession is actually delivered prevails.

第四十二条 人民法院判决保证人承担保证责任或者赔偿责任的,应当在判决书主文中明确保证人享有担保法第三十一条规定的权利。判决书中未予明确追偿权的,保证人只能按照承担责任的事实,另行提起诉讼。

Article 90: If the thing pledged has a hidden defect that causes damage to other property of the pledgee, the pledgor shall be liable for compensation, unless the pledgee was well aware at the time of delivery that the thing pledged was defective but nonetheless accepted it.

Article 91: The effect of pledge over movables extends to the accessories thereto. However, if possession of the accessories is not delivered to the pledgee together with the thing pledged, the effect of the pledge does not extend to the accessories.

保证人对债务人行使追偿权的诉讼时效,自保证人向债权人承担责任之日起开始计算。

Article 92: If the thing pledged is deposited pursuant to Article 69 of the Security Law, the expenses for depositing the thing pledged are borne by the pledgee. If the pledgor discharges the obligation early, the interest on the portion not yet matured shall be deducted.

Article 93: If during the existence of the pledge the pledgee uses, leases or disposes of the thing pledged without the consent of the pledgor, thereby causing loss to the pledgor, the pledgee will be liable for compensation.

第四十三条 保证人自行履行保证责任时,其实际清偿额大于主债权范围的,保证人只能在主债权范围内对债务人行使追偿权。

Article 94: If during the existence of the pledge the pledgee, with the consent of the pledgor, creates a pledge over the pledged thing in its possession in favour of a third party, as security for the pledgee's own obligation, such transferred pledge shall not exceed the scope of the obligation secured by the original pledge. Priority in receiving payment is not applicable to any portion in excess thereof. The transferred pledge has priority over the original pledge.

If during the existence of the pledge the pledgee, without the consent of the pledgor, creates a pledge over the pledged thing in its possession in favour of a third party, as security for the pledgee's own obligation, such transfer of the pledge is void. The pledgee is liable for compensation for the damage arising from such transfer of the pledge.

第四十四条 保证期间,人民法院受理债务人破产案件的,债权人既可以向人民法院申报债权,也可以向保证人主张权利。

Article 95: If the term for the performance of the obligation expires without the pledgee having received payment in full, the pledgee may continue to retain the thing pledged and exercise his rights in respect of the entire thing pledged. The pledgee shall return the thing pledged after the pledgor discharges the secured obligation.

If at the expiration of the term for performing the obligation the pledgor requests that the pledgee promptly exercise his rights but the pledgee neglects to do so, resulting in a decrease in the value of the thing pledged, the pledgee shall be liable for compensation for the loss thereby incurred.

债权人申报债权後在破产程序中未受清偿的部分,保证人仍应当承担保证责任。债权人要求保证人承担保证责任的,应当在破产程序终结後六个月内提出。

Article 96: Articles 57, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74 and 80 hereof apply to pledges over movables.

(2) Pledge of Rights

第四十五条 债权人知道或者应当知道债务人破产,既未申报债权也未通知保证人,致使保证人不能预先行使追偿权的,保证人在该债权在破产程序中可能受偿的范围内免除保证责任。

Article 97: Pledges of the right to the earnings from such immovables as highway bridges, highway tunnels or highway ferry crossings, etc. shall be handled pursuant to Item (4) of Article 75 of the Security Law.

Article 98: If the pledgor and the pledgee of a bill of exchange, cheque or promissory note who failed to endorse such negotiable instrument with the word "Pledged" subsequently set up the pledge against a bonafide third party, the people's court shall not support such setting up of the pledge.

第四十六条 人民法院受理债务人破产案件後,债权人未申报债权的,各连带共同保证的保证人应当作为一个主体申报债权,预先行使追偿权。

Article 99: If the pledgor and the pledgee of company bonds who failed to endorse such bonds with the word "Pledged" subsequently set up the pledge against the company or a third party, the people's court shall not support such setting up of the pledge.

Article 100: If a deposit certificate is pledged and, after having approved the pledge, the issuing bank accepts a report of loss of the certificate, resulting in a loss of funds deposited, the bank shall be civilly liable.

三、关于抵押部分的解释

Article 101: The further assignment or pledge of pledged bonds or a pledged negotiable instrument, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading by the pledgee is void.

Article 102: If bonds or a bill of exchange, cheque, promissory note, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading bearing the date for encashment or for taking delivery of the goods is pledged and the date for encashment or for taking delivery of the goods is later than the date for performing the obligation, the pledgee may only cash the instrument or take delivery of the goods when the date for encashment or taking delivery of the goods has arrived.

第四十七条 以依法获准尚未建造的或者正在建造中的房屋或者其他建筑物抵押的,当事人办理了抵押物登记,人民法院可以认定抵押有效。

Article 103: The pledge of shares of companies limited by shares is governed by the provisions on the transfer of shares of the PRC, Company Law.

A contract for the pledge of shares of a listed company enters into effect on the date of registration of the pledge with the securities registrar.

第四十八条 以法定程序确认为违法、违章的建筑物抵押的,抵押无效。

A contract for the pledge of shares of a non-listed company enters into effect on the date the pledge is recorded in the register of shareholders.

Article 104: If legally transferable shares or share certificates are pledged, the effect of the pledge rights extends to the civil fruits derived from the shares or share certificates.

第四十九条 以尚未办理权属证书的财产抵押的,在第一审法庭辩论终结前能够提供权利证书或者补办登记手续的,可以认定抵押有效。

Article 105: If the exclusive right to use a trademark, a patent right or a property right forming part of copyright is pledged and the pledgor assigns or licences the pledged right to a third party without the consent of the pledgee, such assignment or licence shall be determined to be void. If the pledgee or the third party suffers loss as a result thereof, the pledgor will be civilly liable

Article 106: If the pledgor and the debtor whose obligation was secured with the pledge reject the pledgee's exercise of his pledge rights against them, the pledgee may institute a legal action against both the pledgor and the debtor whose obligation was secured with the pledge or institute a legal action solely against the debtor whose obligation was secured with the pledge.

当事人未办理抵押物登记手续,不得对抗第三人。

5. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE SECTION ON LIENS

Article 107: If the parties agree in the contract to exclude the right of lien, the people's court shall not support the exercise by the creditor of the right of lien after the expiration of the term for performing the obligation.

第五十条 以担保法第三十四条第一款所列财产一并抵押的,抵押财产的范围应当以登记的财产为准。抵押财产的价值在抵押权实现时予以确定。

Article 108: If, when taking lawful possession of a movable delivered by the debtor, the creditor was not aware that the debtor did not have the right to dispose of such movable, the creditor is entitled to exercise a lien against such movable pursuant to Article 82 of the Security Law.

Article 109: If the term for discharge of the debtor's obligation has expired and the possession of the movable by the creditor of such obligation is linked to the incurrence of the obligation, the creditor has a lien on the movable in his possession.

第五十一条 抵押人所担保的债权超出其抵押物价值的,超出的部分不具有优先受偿的效力。

Article 110: Until the holder of a lien on indivisible property has received full payment of his claim, he may exercise a lien over the entire property.

Article 111: If the lien-holder's exercise of his lien conflicts with his obligations or special provisions of the contract, the people's court shall not support the exercise of the lien.

第五十二条 当事人以农作物和与其尚未分离的土地使用权同时抵押的,土地使用权部分的抵押无效。

Article 112: If the debtor's term for discharge of his obligation has not expired but the creditor's term for performance of his obligation to deliver possession of the subject matter has expired, the creditor may not exercise a lien on such subject matter, unless the creditor can prove that the debtor has no payment capability.

Article 113: If the creditor fails to give notice to the debtor, in accordance with the term stipulated in Article 87 of the Security Law, that he should perform his obligation, and instead directly disposes of the property subject to lien at the prevailing price, he shall be liable for compensation for the loss arising therefrom. If the creditor and the debtor have specified a grace period in their contract pursuant to Article 87 of the Security Law, the creditor may directly exercise his lien without giving notice.

第五十三条 学校、幼儿园、医院等以共益为目的的事业单位、社会团体,以其教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他社会公益设施以外的财产为自身债务设定抵押的,人民法院可以认定抵押有效。

Article 114: Articles 64, 80, 87, 91 and 93 hereof apply to liens

6. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING THE SECTION ON DEPOSITS

第五十四条 按份共有人以其共有财产中享有的份额设定抵押的,抵押有效。

Article 115: If the parties have agreed upon the payment of a deposit as security for entering into the principal contract and the party providing the deposit refuses to enter into the principal contract, he is not entitled to demand a refund of the deposit. If the party that received the deposit refuses to enter into the principal contract, he shall refund twice the amount of the deposit.

Article 116: If the parties have stipulated that the payment of a deposit is a condition precedent to the formation or entry into effect of the principal contract and the party providing the deposit fails to pay such deposit but the principal contract or the major part thereof has been performed, the formation or entry into effect of the principal contract is not affected.

共同共有人以其共有财产设定抵押,未经其他共有人的同意,抵押无效。但是,其他共有人知道或者应当知道而未提出异议的视为同意,抵押有效。

Article 117: After the payment of the deposit, the party providing the deposit may, in accordance with the provisions of the contract, terminate the principal contract at the cost of forfeiting the deposit. The party receiving the deposit may terminate the principal contract at the cost of refunding twice the amount of the deposit. The handling of liability after the termination of the contract is governed by the PRC, Contract Law.

Article 118: If a party pays a lien deposit, security deposit, guarantee deposit, contract deposit, rental deposit or purchase deposit, etc. but the nature of the deposit is not stipulated, the people's court shall not support the party's assertion of rights over the deposit.

第五十五条 已经设定抵押的财产被采取查封、扣押等财产保全或者执行措施的,不影响抵押权的效力。

Article 119: The actual payment of a deposit in an amount greater or less than the amount stipulated will be deemed an amendment to the deposit contract. The deposit contract does not enter into effect if the party receiving the deposit raises an objection and refuses to accept the deposit.

Article 120: If the realization of the objective of the contract is rendered impossible due to delayed performance or other breach by a party, penal provisions in respect of the deposit may be applied, unless otherwise provided in law or stipulated by the parties.

第五十六条 抵押合同对被担保的主债权种类、抵押财产没有约定或者约定不明,根据主合同和抵押合同不能补正或者无法推定的,抵押不成立。

If a party fails to perform the contract in full, penal provisions in respect of the deposit shall be applied in proportion to the stipulated content of the contract accounted for by the executory portion.

Article 121: If the amount of the deposit stipulated by the parties exceeds 20% of the value of the subject matter of the contract, the people's court shall not support the portion in excess thereof.

法律规定登记生效的抵押合同签订後,抵押人违背诚实信用原则拒绝办理抵押登记致使债权人受到损失的,抵押人应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 122: Penal provisions in respect of the deposit do not apply in the event that force majeure or an unforeseen adverse event renders the principal contract non-performable. Penal provisions in respect of the deposit apply in the event that the fault of a third party unrelated to the contract renders the principal contract non-performable. The party subjected to the deposit penalty may seek recourse against the third party in accordance with the law.

7. INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING OTHER ISSUES

第五十七条 当事人在抵押合同中约定,债务履行期届满抵押权人未受清偿时,抵押物的所有权转移为债权人所有的内容无效。该内容的无效不影响抵押合同其他部分内容的效力。

Article 123: If several rights over secured property exist in respect of the same obligation and the creditor renounces the security provided by the debtor in the form of property, the security liability of the other security provider(s) is reduced or he (they) is (are) released therefrom to the extent of the rights renounced by the creditor.

Article 124: If a branch of an enterprise legal person provides a guarantee for a third party, the people's court may, when hearing a dispute over the guarantee, designate the enterprise legal person as a co-defendant in the action. However, this provision does not apply to branches of commercial banks and branches of insurance companies.

债务履行期届满後抵押权人未受清偿时,抵押权人和抵押人可以协议以抵押物折价取得抵押物。但是,损害顺序在後的担保物权人和其他债权人利益的,人民法院可以适用合同法第七十四条、第七十五条的有关规定。

Article 125: If a creditor secured by an ordinary guarantee institutes an action against both the debtor and the guarantor, the people's court may designate the debtor and the guarantor as co-defendants in the action. However, the people's court shall state expressly in the judgment that the guarantor shall bear guarantee liability if the debtor remains incapable of performing his obligation after legal enforcement against his property.

Article 126: A creditor secured by a joint and several guarantee may institute an action with the debtor as defendant or the guarantor as defendant or he may institute an action with the debtor and the guarantor as co-defendants.

第五十八条 当事人同一天在不同的法定登记部门办理抵押物登记的,视为顺序相同。

Article 127: If the debtor institutes an action against the creditor and the creditor institutes a counter-action against the debtor, the guarantor may participate in the actions as a third party.

Article 128: When a creditor petitions the people's court to exercise his right over secured property, the debtor and the security provider shall participate in the action as co-defendants.

因登记部门的原因致使抵押物进行连续登记的,抵押物第一次登记的日期,视为抵押登记的日期,并依此确定抵押权的顺序。

If an obligation is secured by both a guarantee and property and a party institutes an action subsequent to the occurrence of a dispute, the debtor and the guarantor, mortgagor or pledgor may participate in the action as co-defendants.

Article 129: If an action is instituted subsequent to a dispute occurring over the principal contract and the security contract, jurisdiction over the case shall be determined pursuant to the principal contract. If a dispute arises over a security contract under which the security provider bears joint and several liability, and the creditor asserts his right against the security provider, the court of the place where the security provider is domiciled shall have jurisdiction.

第五十九条 当事人办理抵押物登记手续时,因登记部门的原因致使其无法办理抵押物登记,抵押人向债权人交付权利凭证的,可以认定债权人对该财产有优先受偿权。但是,未办理抵押物登记的,不得对抗第三人。

If there is a discrepancy between the competent court selected in the principal contract and that selected in the security contract, jurisdiction over the case shall be determined pursuant to the principal contract.

Article 130: If no judgment was rendered on the security contract during the hearing of a dispute over the principal contract, the people's court shall not directly carry out enforcement against the property of the security provider on the basis of the judgment or ruling rendered in respect of the parties to the principal contract.

第六十条 以担保法第四十二条第(二)项规定的不动产抵押的,县级以上地方人民政府对登记部门未作规定,当事人在土地管理部门或者房产管理部门办理了抵押物登记手续,人民法院可以确认其登记的效力。

Article 131: For the purposes of these Interpretations, the term "unable to dischargerefer" to the state whereby the obligation remains incompletely discharged after the completion of enforcement against movables of the debtor such as deposits, cash, negotiable securities, finished products, semi-finished products, raw materials, means of transportation, etc. and other property of the debtor against which enforcement is convenient.

Article 132: If a party provides security in the form of property during the trial of a case or in the course of enforcement procedures, the people's court shall impound the certificate of title thereto and issue a notice of assistance with enforcement to the relevant authorities, requesting them not to carry out transfer procedures for the secured property during the stipulated period.

第六十一条 抵押物登记记载的内容与抵押合同约定的内容不一致的,以登记记载的内容为准。

Article 133: Acts of providing security that occurred before the implementation of the Security Law are governed by the laws, regulations and relevant judicial interpretations in effect at the time such acts occurred.

If a party applies for a retrial, or a decision for retrial is rendered pursuant to trial supervision procedures, in a dispute over an act of providing security that occurred after the implementation of the Security Law and in which a final judgment was rendered before the issuance and implementation of these Interpretations, these Interpretations do not apply.

第六十二条 抵押物因附合、混合或者加工使抵押物的所有权为第三人所有的,抵押权的效力及于补偿金;抵押物所有人为附合物、混合物或者加工物的所有人的,抵押权的效力及于附合物、混合物或者加工物;第三人与抵押物所有人为附合物、混合物或者加工物的共有人的,抵押权的效力及于抵押人对共有物享有的份额。

Acts of providing security that occurred after the implementation of the Security Law and that were still at the first instance or second instance stage when these Interpretations were issued and implemented are governed by the Security Law and these Interpretations.

Article 134: In the event of a conflict between the Security Law or these Interpretations and a judicial interpretation concerning a security issue rendered by the Supreme People's Court before the implementation of the Security Law, such judicial interpretation shall no longer apply.

第六十三条 抵押权设定前为抵押物的从物的,抵押权的效力及于抵押物的从物。但是,抵押物与其从物为两个以上的人分别所有时,抵押权的效力不及于抵押物的从物。

Translator's Notes:

1 The Chinese term ???? , here rendered as ?nbsp;valuation in terms of money means that the mortgagor transfers title of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee and sets the value of the property off against his obligation. The value used is that appraised by the relevant authority.

clp reference:3520/00.12.08promulgated:2000-12-08effective:2000-12-13

第六十四条 债务履行期届满,债务人不履行债务致使抵押物被人民法院依法扣押的,自扣押之日起抵押权人收取的由抵押物分离天然孳息和法定孳息,按照下列顺序清偿:

This premium content is reserved for
China Law & Practice Subscribers.

  • A database of over 3,000 essential documents including key PRC legislation translated into English
  • A choice of newsletters to alert you to changes affecting your business including sector specific updates
  • Premium access to the mobile optimized site for timely analysis that guides you through China's ever-changing business environment
For enterprise-wide or corporate enquiries, please contact our experienced Sales Professionals at +44 (0)203 868 7546 or [email protected]